{
  "run": "574-name-letter-effect",
  "as_of": "2026-10-18",
  "source": "Wikidata Query Service (query.wikidata.org/sparql), live SPARQL pull -- every human item with one of 15 occupations (P106) and citizenship (P27) in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, Ireland, or New Zealand, grouped server-side by the first letter of the person's English Wikidata label",
  "occupations": [
    "actor",
    "banker",
    "carpenter",
    "dentist",
    "engineer",
    "farmer",
    "geologist",
    "historian",
    "journalist",
    "lawyer",
    "musician",
    "nurse",
    "painter",
    "teacher",
    "writer"
  ],
  "match_letters": {
    "actor": "A",
    "banker": "B",
    "carpenter": "C",
    "dentist": "D",
    "engineer": "E",
    "farmer": "F",
    "geologist": "G",
    "historian": "H",
    "journalist": "J",
    "lawyer": "L",
    "musician": "M",
    "nurse": "N",
    "painter": "P",
    "teacher": "T",
    "writer": "W"
  },
  "pooled_total": 300304,
  "pooled_letter_pct_naive_self_inclusive": {
    "a": 7.894,
    "b": 4.448,
    "c": 6.573,
    "d": 5.991,
    "e": 4.821,
    "f": 2.599,
    "g": 4.313,
    "h": 3.72,
    "i": 1.151,
    "j": 13.085,
    "k": 2.977,
    "l": 4.707,
    "m": 8.598,
    "n": 2.31,
    "o": 0.749,
    "p": 3.974,
    "q": 0.06,
    "r": 6.695,
    "s": 6.109,
    "t": 3.846,
    "u": 0.089,
    "v": 1.126,
    "w": 3.531,
    "x": 0.04,
    "y": 0.304,
    "z": 0.293
  },
  "baseline_method": "leave-one-out: each occupation's expected match-letter rate is computed from the other 14 occupations' pooled letters, excluding its own count, so no occupation's baseline is built partly from itself",
  "per_occupation": [
    {
      "occupation": "actor",
      "match_letter": "A",
      "n": 67899,
      "observed_n": 5356,
      "observed_pct": 7.888,
      "expected_pct": 7.895,
      "excess_pct_pts": -0.007,
      "ci95_pct": [
        7.685,
        8.091
      ],
      "z": -0.068,
      "p_raw": 0.945439955728522,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "banker",
      "match_letter": "B",
      "n": 2514,
      "observed_n": 96,
      "observed_pct": 3.819,
      "expected_pct": 4.453,
      "excess_pct_pts": -0.635,
      "ci95_pct": [
        3.069,
        4.568
      ],
      "z": -1.542,
      "p_raw": 0.12298396140452628,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "carpenter",
      "match_letter": "C",
      "n": 424,
      "observed_n": 28,
      "observed_pct": 6.604,
      "expected_pct": 6.573,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.03,
      "ci95_pct": [
        4.24,
        8.968
      ],
      "z": 0.025,
      "p_raw": 0.9797963318582494,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "dentist",
      "match_letter": "D",
      "n": 752,
      "observed_n": 47,
      "observed_pct": 6.25,
      "expected_pct": 5.991,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.259,
      "ci95_pct": [
        4.52,
        7.98
      ],
      "z": 0.3,
      "p_raw": 0.7643798117985923,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "engineer",
      "match_letter": "E",
      "n": 9470,
      "observed_n": 402,
      "observed_pct": 4.245,
      "expected_pct": 4.84,
      "excess_pct_pts": -0.595,
      "ci95_pct": [
        3.839,
        4.651
      ],
      "z": -2.696,
      "p_raw": 0.007016344387994478,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.10524516581991716
    },
    {
      "occupation": "farmer",
      "match_letter": "F",
      "n": 5141,
      "observed_n": 164,
      "observed_pct": 3.19,
      "expected_pct": 2.589,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.601,
      "ci95_pct": [
        2.71,
        3.67
      ],
      "z": 2.715,
      "p_raw": 0.006627863858339689,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.09941795787509533
    },
    {
      "occupation": "geologist",
      "match_letter": "G",
      "n": 2591,
      "observed_n": 140,
      "observed_pct": 5.403,
      "expected_pct": 4.304,
      "excess_pct_pts": 1.1,
      "ci95_pct": [
        4.533,
        6.274
      ],
      "z": 2.758,
      "p_raw": 0.0058196075204808295,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.08729411280721244
    },
    {
      "occupation": "historian",
      "match_letter": "H",
      "n": 14800,
      "observed_n": 598,
      "observed_pct": 4.041,
      "expected_pct": 3.703,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.338,
      "ci95_pct": [
        3.723,
        4.358
      ],
      "z": 2.175,
      "p_raw": 0.029624657808320576,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.44436986712480864
    },
    {
      "occupation": "journalist",
      "match_letter": "J",
      "n": 29879,
      "observed_n": 3927,
      "observed_pct": 13.143,
      "expected_pct": 13.078,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.065,
      "ci95_pct": [
        12.76,
        13.526
      ],
      "z": 0.332,
      "p_raw": 0.7400857023584364,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "lawyer",
      "match_letter": "L",
      "n": 36373,
      "observed_n": 1370,
      "observed_pct": 3.767,
      "expected_pct": 4.836,
      "excess_pct_pts": -1.07,
      "ci95_pct": [
        3.571,
        3.962
      ],
      "z": -9.509,
      "p_raw": 0.0,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "musician",
      "match_letter": "M",
      "n": 27579,
      "observed_n": 2404,
      "observed_pct": 8.717,
      "expected_pct": 8.586,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.131,
      "ci95_pct": [
        8.384,
        9.05
      ],
      "z": 0.778,
      "p_raw": 0.4367058512508537,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "nurse",
      "match_letter": "N",
      "n": 2145,
      "observed_n": 57,
      "observed_pct": 2.657,
      "expected_pct": 2.307,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.35,
      "ci95_pct": [
        1.977,
        3.338
      ],
      "z": 1.079,
      "p_raw": 0.280508025981709,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.0
    },
    {
      "occupation": "painter",
      "match_letter": "P",
      "n": 25241,
      "observed_n": 1073,
      "observed_pct": 4.251,
      "expected_pct": 3.949,
      "excess_pct_pts": 0.302,
      "ci95_pct": [
        4.002,
        4.5
      ],
      "z": 2.464,
      "p_raw": 0.013721590508469772,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.20582385762704658
    },
    {
      "occupation": "teacher",
      "match_letter": "T",
      "n": 10885,
      "observed_n": 308,
      "observed_pct": 2.83,
      "expected_pct": 3.884,
      "excess_pct_pts": -1.055,
      "ci95_pct": [
        2.518,
        3.141
      ],
      "z": -5.695,
      "p_raw": 1.2322598719194389e-08,
      "p_bonferroni": 1.8483898078791583e-07
    },
    {
      "occupation": "writer",
      "match_letter": "W",
      "n": 64611,
      "observed_n": 1901,
      "observed_pct": 2.942,
      "expected_pct": 3.692,
      "excess_pct_pts": -0.75,
      "ci95_pct": [
        2.812,
        3.073
      ],
      "z": -10.108,
      "p_raw": 0.0,
      "p_bonferroni": 0.0
    }
  ],
  "n_clearing_bonferroni": 3,
  "most_excess": {
    "occupation": "geologist",
    "match_letter": "G",
    "n": 2591,
    "observed_n": 140,
    "observed_pct": 5.403,
    "expected_pct": 4.304,
    "excess_pct_pts": 1.1,
    "ci95_pct": [
      4.533,
      6.274
    ],
    "z": 2.758,
    "p_raw": 0.0058196075204808295,
    "p_bonferroni": 0.08729411280721244
  },
  "most_deficit": {
    "occupation": "lawyer",
    "match_letter": "L",
    "n": 36373,
    "observed_n": 1370,
    "observed_pct": 3.767,
    "expected_pct": 4.836,
    "excess_pct_pts": -1.07,
    "ci95_pct": [
      3.571,
      3.962
    ],
    "z": -9.509,
    "p_raw": 0.0,
    "p_bonferroni": 0.0
  },
  "chi2": 262.42665800000003,
  "chi2_dof": 15,
  "chi2_p": 0.0,
  "regression": {
    "slope": 1.0046,
    "slope_ci95": [
      0.8691,
      1.1402
    ],
    "intercept": -0.087,
    "r2": 0.9517,
    "p_vs_zero": 6.152773653899232e-10,
    "p_vs_one": 0.9425097379412037,
    "n": 15,
    "ci_contains_one": true
  },
  "paired_excess_test": {
    "mean_excess_pct_pts": -0.0622,
    "ci95": [
      -0.4118,
      0.2874
    ],
    "t": -0.384,
    "p": 0.7065131730695173,
    "n": 15,
    "ci_contains_zero": true
  },
  "regression_naive_baseline": {
    "slope": 1.0036,
    "slope_ci95": [
      0.8764,
      1.1309
    ],
    "r2": 0.9572,
    "p_vs_one": 0.951533865506019,
    "n": 15,
    "ci_contains_one": true
  }
}